Hildebrand JS, Patel AV, McCullough ML, Gaudet MM, Chen AY, Hayes RB, Gapstur SM. Coffee, tea, and fatal oral/pharyngeal cancer in a large prospective US cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2013 Jan 1;177(1):50-8.

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2012.

2. Silverman S, ed. Oral Cancer. 5th ed. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2003.

3. D’Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(19):1944–1956.

4. Wiseman M. The second World Cancer Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer Research expert report. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008;67(3):253–256.

5. Nkondjock A. Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer: an overview. Cancer Lett. 2009;277(2):121–125.

6. Scalbert A, Andres-Lacueva C, Arita M, et al. Databases on food phytochemicals and their health-promoting effects. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(9):4331–4348.

7. Naganuma T, Kuriyama S, Kakizaki M, et al. Coffee consumption and the risk of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancers in Japan: the Miyagi Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(12):1425–1432.

8. Heck JE, Sapkota A, Vendhan G, et al. Dietary risk factors for hypopharyngeal cancer in India. Cancer Causes Control. 2008;19(10):1329–1337.

9. Rodriguez T, Altieri A, Chatenoud L, et al. Risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer in young adults. Oral Oncol. 2004;40(2):207–213.

10. Tavani A, Bertuzzi M, Talamini R, et al. Coffee and tea intake and risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(7):695–700.

11. Takezaki T, Hirose K, Inoue M, et al. Tobacco, alcohol and dietary factors associated with the risk of oral cancer among Japanese. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1996;87(6):555–562.

12. Pintos J, Franco EL, Oliveira BV, et al. Mate, coffee, and tea consumption and risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in southern Brazil. Epidemiology. 1994; 5(6):583–590.

13. Mashberg A, Boffetta P, Winkelman R, et al. Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx among U.S. veterans. Cancer. 1993;72(4):1369–1375.

14. Franceschi S, Barra S, La Vecchia C, et al. Risk factors for cancer of the tongue and the mouth. A case-control study from northern Italy. Cancer. 1992;70(9):2227–2233.

15. La Vecchia C, Ferraroni M, Negri E, et al. Coffee consumption and digestive tract cancers. Cancer Res. 1989; 49(4):1049–1051.

16. Biazevic MG, Toporcov TN, Antunes JL, et al. Cumulative coffee consumption and reduced risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(3):350–356.

17. Galeone C, Tavani A, Pelucchi C, et al. Coffee and tea intake and risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(7):1723–1736.

18. Turati F, Galeone C, La Vecchia C, et al. Coffee and cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts: meta-analyses of observational studies. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(3):536–544.

19. Bundgaard T, Wildt J, Frydenberg M, et al. Case-control study of squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control. 1995;6(1):57–67.

20. Ren JS, Freedman ND, Kamangar F, et al. Tea, coffee, carbonated soft drinks and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(10):1873–1881.

21. Stellman SD, Garfinkel L. Smoking habits and tar levels in a new American Cancer Society prospective study of 1.2 million men and women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986;76(6):1057–1063.

22. Calle EE, Terrell DD. Utility of the National Death Index for ascertainment of mortality among Cancer Prevention Study II participants. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137(2):235–241.

23. Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc; 2005.

24. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, eds. Modern Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998.

25. Ferraroni M, Tavani A, Decarli A, et al. Reproducibility and validity of coffee and tea consumption in Italy. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(4):674–680.

26. Jacobsen BK, Bonaa KH. The reproducibility of dietary data from a self-administered questionnaire. The Tromso Study. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19(2):349–353.

27. Munger RG, Folsom AR, Kushi LH, et al. Dietary assessment of older Iowa women with a food frequency questionnaire: nutrient intake, reproducibility, and comparison with 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136(2):192–200.

28. Bakuradze T, Lang R, Hofmann T, et al. Antioxidant effectiveness of coffee extracts and selected constituents in cell-free systems and human colon cell lines. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(12):1734–1743.

29. Beaudoin MS, Graham TE. Methylxanthines and human health: epidemiological and experimental evidence. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2011;200:509–548. (doi:10.1007/ 978-3-642-13443-2_21).

30. Choi MJ, Park EJ, Oh JH, et al. Cafestol, a coffee-specific diterpene, induces apoptosis in renal carcinoma Caki cells through down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins and Akt phosphorylation. Chem Biol Interact. 2011;190(2-3):102–108.

31. Higgins LG, Cavin C, Itoh K, et al. Induction of cancer chemopreventive enzymes by coffee is mediated by transcription factor Nrf2. Evidence that the coffee-specific diterpenes cafestol and kahweol confer protection against acrolein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;226(3):328–337.

32. Kim HG, Hwang YP, Jeong HG. Kahweol blocks STAT3 phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Toxicol Lett. 2009;187(1): 28–34.

33. Oh JH, Lee JT, Yang ES, et al. The coffee diterpene kahweol induces apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells through down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation and activation of JNK.  Apoptosis. 2009;14(11):1378–1386.

34. Rajendra Prasad N, Karthikeyan A, Karthikeyan S, et al. Inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on cancer cell proliferation by oxidative mechanism in human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011;349(1-2):11–19.

35. Tai J, Cheung S, Chan E, et al. Antiproliferation effect of commercially brewed coffees on human ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Nutr Cancer. 2010;62(8):1044–1057.36. Um HJ, Oh JH, Kim YN, et al. The coffee diterpene kahweol sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis in renal carcinoma Caki cells through down-regulation of Bcl-2 and c-FLIP. Chem Biol Interact. 2010;186(1):36–42.

37. Bravi F, Bosetti C, Tavani A, et al. Coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2007;46(2):430–435.

38. Bravi F, Scotti L, Bosetti C, et al. Coffee drinking and endometrial cancer risk: a metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(2):130–135.

39. Galeone C, Turati F, La Vecchia C, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(11):1949–1959.

40. Je Y, LiuW, Giovannucci E. Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(7):1662–1668.

41. Zhang X, Albanes D, Beeson WL, et al. Risk of colon cancer and coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened soft drink intake: pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(11):771–783.